Australia’s ‘Magnetic’ Termites

In Australia's Northern Territory, termites build mounds that are tall, thin, and aligned like compass needles. How and why the insects do this is not entirely clear. Ari Daniel Shapiro of our partner program NOVA talks to an entomologist who offers some theories.

They look like giant, gray planks of dirt. They stand on edge, as if surging out of the ground.

When Graham Brown spotted one such monolith just off the Stuart Highway, he could not resist hopping out of his truck to show me.

"It looks like a tombstone," Brown says. "But a very, very large tombstone for a grave."

Brown is former curator of insects at the Northern Territory Museum, and he explains that what we're actually looking at is a peculiar type of termite mound.

"The orientation of the nest is basically north-south," he says. It points like a compass needle. "Hence the common name [of these insects] — magnetic termite."

It has long been a mystery just how and why these insects align their homes with the poles of the Earth, but there are clues, Brown says.

Sense of Direction

Despite their name, the termites themselves are not magnetic. (They would not stick to your refrigerator!) But, Brown says, "there is some suggestion that the termites can be affected by magnetic fields."

In one experiment, scientists buried magnets in the ground on either side of where termites were starting to build new mounds. When the researchers came back years later, the termites had abandoned these mounds, perhaps because their sense of direction had been thrown off. So it seems that the termites can sense the Earth's magnetic field, and that may be how they orient their homes.

As for why they build their homes this way…

Brown explains that these towering mounds are essentially termite apartment buildings. A single nest may contain tens of thousands of termites. To comfortably house all those insects, the mound needs to have just the right architecture. He says all the little rooms, or galleries, need the proper moisture level and a good internal temperature, and the north-south alignment of the mounds seems to help keep the termites comfortable.

"This being Northern Australia, the sun is hot in the morning and even hotter in the afternoon," Brown says.

Around noon, the sun is strongest. But since these mounds are long and skinny and pointed north-south, just the edge of the mound faces the sun at that hour. That gives the mound "a narrow profile to the sun at that particular time of day," Brown says, and keeps the termites from getting overheated.

At least that is according to one theory.

But another puzzle remains: if this is such a good way to build a mound, why don't more termite species do it?

Graham Brown doesn't know the answer. But he is pleased to live in the only place in the world where you see the unusual homes of these skilled insect engineers.