Key moments in the impeachment inquiry

On Thursday, the US House of Representatives will vote on a resolution to formalize the impeachment inquiry into President Donald Trump. A vote in the House will set rules for opening hearings to the public and releasing deposition transcripts as well as due process rights for the president. 

The draft resolution is the next step in the investigation — after the inquiry is concluded, the House Judiciary will decide whether to recommend articles of impeachment.

Republicans have criticized House leadership for holding impeachment testimony behind closed doors, going so far as to stage a “sit-in” and delaying testimony last week. The White House has also called the impeachment inquiry “illegitimate.” The resolution to make the continued investigation more transparent undercuts these arguments.

Related: Presidents aren’t immune to treason convictions. Just look to Ukraine.

In a letter to Democratic colleagues on Monday, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said the arguments of Trump and his allies are “baseless.”

“They argue that, because the House has not taken a vote, they may simply pretend the impeachment inquiry does not exist. Of course, this argument has no merit,” Pelosi wrote, adding, “The Trump administration has made up this argument — apparently out of whole cloth — in order to justify its unprecedented cover-up, withhold key documents from multiple federal agencies, prevent critical witnesses from cooperating, and defy duly authorized subpoenas.”

Charles Kupperman, former deputy national security adviser, who was subpoenaed to testify Monday, did not appear after the White House invoked “constitutional immunity.”

On Tuesday, Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman became the first current White House official to testify and first witness to have firsthand knowledge of the now-infamous July phone call between Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy. 

On the call, Trump asked Ukraine’s new president to investigate Joe Biden and his son, Hunter Biden. The investigation appears to have been tied to the release of security aid to Ukraine, which has been fighting a heated war with Russia for five years.

Related: Trump scandal threatens to derail Ukraine’s anti-corruption efforts

In his prepared remarks, Vindman said, “I was concerned by the call. I did not think it was proper to demand that a foreign government investigate a US citizen, and I was worried about the implications for the US government’s support of Ukraine.” He says he reported the call to a White House lawyer out of concern for American national security.

Margaret Taylor, senior editor and counsel at Lawfare, says Vindman’s appearance will push back against Republican arguments that much of the testimony in the impeachment inquiry has been secondhand knowledge.

“Vindman was actually on the call, and he twice registered internal objections about what the president was doing and what the inner circle was doing, how they’re treating the Ukraine policy. And he says he’s doing it out of a sense of duty,” Margaret Taylor said.

Vindman, a Ukraine-born, decorated American veteran, came under unsubstantiated character attacks prior to his testimony, claims that his former commander called “fear and hate mongering.”

Related: Gen. Zwack: Calling Vindman a ‘double agent’ ahead of testimony is ‘reprehensible’

Vindman’s testimony is just the latest shoe to drop in the impeachment inquiry — and there have been a lot of shoes. Before the House votes on the next step Thursday, here are some key moments in the inquiry so far: 

July 25, 2019

Trump calls to congratulate Ukraine’s recently elected president, Volodymyr Zelenskiy, on his party’s success in the parliamentary elections. 

In the phone call, Zelenskiy expressed an interest in acquiring American military equipment. Trump — who had withheld military aid from Ukraine — responded, “I would like you to do us a favor, though.”

At least four national security officials were so troubled by what they heard on the call, according to The Washington Post, they raised concerns with a White House lawyer. 

Aug. 12, 2019

An anonymous whistleblower filed a complaint about Trump’s dealings with Ukraine that was forwarded to Congress. The complaint was deemed urgent and credible. 

Sept. 24, 2019

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced the impeachment inquiry. The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeachment, according to the Constitution, though it is the Senate that has the power to try all impeachments and remove a president from office.  

“The actions of the Trump presidency revealed dishonorable fact of the president’s betrayal of his oath of office, betrayal of our national security and betrayal of the integrity of our elections,” Pelosi said in a statement.

Related: The president’s action in Ukraine ‘was wrong,’ experts say

Sept. 25, 2019

The White House released a memorandum of the Trump-Zelenskiy phone call, which the president continues to call “perfect.” 

Oct. 3, 2019

Chairmen of House committees released text messages from US-Ukraine envoys that indicated evidence that security assistance was conditioned on Ukrainian investigations into Trump’s political rivals. 

Related: US diplomat thought it was ‘crazy’ to withhold Ukraine aid: texts

Oct. 8, 2019 

The White House called the impeachment inquiry “constitutionally invalid” and refused to comply with House investigators.

Related: Amid Trump impeachment inquiry, future diplomats consider their own ‘red lines’

‘Damning’ testimonies

Still, nearly a dozen current and former officials have testified, including US ambassador to the European Union, Gordon Sondland, a Trump donor and political appointee. One of the “three amigos” who replaced core policymakers for Ukraine, according to testimony, Sondland was initially stopped from testifying by the State Department on Oct. 8, but spoke to Congressional investigators on Oct. 17.  

“He is one of the really key people who have been involved with these efforts, along with Kurt Volker and Rudy Giuliani, of sort of putting into place these actions toward Ukraine that were sort of outside of the normal diplomatic channels,” Margaret Taylor said.  

Related: This ex-MP wants to help untangle Giuliani’s business dealings in Ukraine

The same day, acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney told reporters on tape that the Trump administration suspended military aid to Ukraine in order to force an investigation into the 2016 election — and that it was perfectly normal to do so. Mulvaney later walked that statement back, accusing reporters of misconstruing his words.

William Taylor, the top US diplomat in Ukraine, spoke to lawmakers behind closed doors on Oct. 22. In his opening statement, William Taylor said that “in August and September of this year, I became increasingly concerned that our relationship with Ukraine was being fundamentally undermined by an irregular, informal channel of US policymaking and by the withholding of vital security assistance for domestic political reasons.”

Other testimony from officials, including Fiona Hill, former national security adviser on Russian and European affairs; Marie Yovanovitch, ousted US ambassador to Ukraine; and Michael McKinley, former senior adviser to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, have appeared to support the claim that the president’s foreign policy in Ukraine was problematic and detrimental to US diplomacy. 

Related: Jeff Flake: Republicans stand by amid Trump’s ‘abuse of power’ 

Trump allies have cast doubt on the veracity of claims and engaged in ad hominem attacks on several of the officials testifying. But with the House vote Thursday, Americans will have a better look at the investigation going forward. 

“Everything that’s been done up until now is sort of perfectly fine and legally legitimate,” said Margaret Taylor. But the vote is important too. “It’s more adding, I think, political legitimacy and heft to this process.”