John Henry

This is America’s cautionary tale about working too hard.

In the ballad, told countless times over more than a century, the railroad worker John Henry wins a race against a new steam-powered drill, but the victory is Pyrrhic: he collapses, saying, “Give me a cool drink of water before I die.” “Did he win? Did he lose?” wonders novelist Colson Whitehead. “By the ’60s,” remarks Scott Nelson, a professor of history who wroteSteel Drivin’ Man, “John Henry is looked down on, as being an Uncle Tom character. … The black man who’s always willing to do what the white man wants. There’s a division between brain and brawn.”

Whether or not the story has historical roots — it’s uncertain — his race has come to represent the heroic struggle of men and women to maintain the dignity of their labor against encroaching technology. A chess grandmaster going to battle against Big Blue is compared to John Henry, andThe Onionheadline reads, “Modern-Day John Henry Dies Trying to Out-Spreadsheet Excel 11.0.“

But it wasn’t always so. Studio 360’sDavid Krasnowtraces the ballad back to its origins as a cautionary tale, and finds theanswer song: a blues about a railroad worker who wants no part of martyrdom. “John Henry was a steel-driving man. He went down,” the song goes. “Take this hammer and carry it to the captain. Tell him I’m gone.”

(Originally aired: November 24, 2006)

Video: Leadbelly’s “John Henry”

Video: Joe Bonamassa’s “John Henry”

Video: Mississippi Fred McDowell’s “John Henry”

Video: John Cash’s “John Henry

Video: Woody Guthrie’s “John Henry”