Though you may not realize it, every day the plants around you are moving…all by themselves. Even though most plants have roots that bind them to the surface they grow on, plants are able to stretch, grow, and bend to adjust to changes in their environment.
Some plants, like Venus flytraps, can move quickly, but most move or change position so slowly that it’s difficult to tell that they are moving at all. However, by filming plants or recording their position over a long period of time, we can see just how much they move and get clues about why. Watch the Science Friday video “Unwinding the Cucumber Tendril Mystery” to learn more about how subtley plants move.
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Are your plants moving without you knowing it? Find out!
In this activity, you’ll monitor the position of a houseplant to find out whether or not it changes position in response to a change in sunlight.
MS-LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes
Materials:
One of your favorite houseplants that can be easily rotated
Young plants with green stems and flexible leaves work best
One sheet of white paper, plus this () for recording observations
Bright nail polish, permanent marker, or paint for marking plant
Metric ruler (with centimeters)
Masking tape
Pencil
Toothpicks
Track your plant's movements
*Note: most rulers have extra length at each end, but don’t worry! Because these measurements are being repeated with the same ruler and compared to one another, you do not need to account for the extra length in your measurements.
How and why do plants move?
As you probably noticed in your experiment, the leaves and stems of your plant were able to move, but the position of the plant in its pot stayed the same. That’s because plants can’t travel from place to place—their roots anchor them in the ground. Yet, a plant can respond to environmental changes by altering the texture of stem and leaf parts and growing leaves in specific directions. Many plants perform these movements, called tropisms.
One of the most common tropisms is what you observed in your own houseplant. It’s called phototropism, and it happens when plants move towards sunlight. Everywhere plants grow, sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis, the chemical reactions necessary to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen, which animals breathe, and glucose, which the plant uses as food. Without sunlight, plants would not be able to produce the food they need to survive. Phototropisms allow plants to maximize sunlight exposure on their leaves by orienting them towards the sun. Plant phototropism can be so extreme that some plants, such as sunflowers, will actually change their orientation to track the position of the sun in the sky over a single day!
Here's an timelapse of plant phototropism from a Science Club participant:
More experiments
Want to try to observe a different plant tropism? Let’s try gravitropism, which is a plant’s growth response to gravity. Seed sprouts demonstrate gravitropism when they are deep underground. In other words, gravitropism is the reason why plants grow up! If you want to see a plant grow against gravity, carefully rest the pot of a young plant on a couple of soup cans or a box. Make sure the pot is tipped at a slight angle. Repeat the experiment above and see how your plant responds to the relative change in the direction of gravity!
Gravitropism (also called geotropism) in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) filmed for the first 24 hours after the plant was tilted. From Herrera et al 2010, CC-BY-2.0)
To see examples of plants that move very quickly, check out Science Friday’s video “The Secretly Speedy Life of Plants”
Standards:
Next Generation Science Standards:
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