Mystery Kidney Disease in Central America

A mysterious epidemic is sweeping Central America — it’s the second biggest cause of death among men in El Salvador, and in Nicaragua it’s a bigger killer of men than HIV and diabetes combined. It’s unexplained but the latest theory is that the victims are literally working themselves to death.

In the western lowlands of Nicaragua, in a region of vast sugarcane fields, sits the tiny community of La Isla.

The small houses are a patchwork of concrete and wood. Pieces of cloth serve as doors.

Maudiel Martinez emerges from his house to greet me. He’s pale, and his cheekbones protrude from his face. He hunches over like an old man — but he is only 19-years-old.

“The way this sickness is — you see me now, but in a month I could be gone. It can take you down all of a sudden,” he says.

Maudiel’s kidneys are failing. They do not perform the essential function of filtering waste from his body. He’s being poisoned from the inside.

When he got ill two years ago, he was already familiar with this disease and how it might end. “I thought about my father and grandfather,” he says. Both died of the same condition. Three of his brothers have it too.

All of them worked in the sugarcane fields.

Kidney disease has killed so many men here that locals now call their community not simply La Isla — which means “The Island” — but La Isla de las Viudas — “The Island of the Widows.”

The epidemic extends far beyond Nicaragua. It’s prevalent along the Pacific coast of Central America — across six countries.

“It is important that the chronic kidney disease (CKD) afflicting thousands of rural workers in Central America be recognized as what it is — a major epidemic with a tremendous population impact,” says Victor Penchaszadeh, a clinical epidemiologist at Columbia University in the US. He is also a consultant to the Pan-American Health Organization on chronic diseases in Latin America.

El Salvador’s health minister recently called on the international community for help. She said the epidemic is “wasting away our populations.”
Heat stress

At a health clinic in El Salvador, in the farming region of Bajo Lempa, Dr. Carlos Orantes recently found that a quarter of the men in his area suffered from chronic kidney disease.

What’s more, he says, most of the men who are ill show no signs of high blood pressure or diabetes — the most common causes of CKD elsewhere in the world.

“Most of the men we studied have CKD from unknown causes,” he says.

What the men in the area have in common is they all work in farming. So Dr. Orantes thinks a major cause of their kidney damage is the toxic chemicals — pesticides and herbicides — that are routinely used here in agriculture.

“These chemicals are banned in the United States, Europe and Canada, and they’re used here, without any protection, and in large amounts that are very concerning,” he says.

But he’s not ready to rule out other possible causes. For instance, the overuse of painkillers can damage the kidneys, and so can drinking too much alcohol. Both are major problems here, he says.

In Nicaragua, the disease has become a political issue.

In 2006, the World Bank gave a loan to Nicaragua’s largest sugar company to build an ethanol plant. Plantation workers filed a complaint, saying the company’s working conditions and use of chemicals were fueling the epidemic. They said the loan violated the bank’s own standards for worker safety and environmental practices.

In response, the bank agreed to fund a study to try to identify the cause of the epidemic.

“The evidence points us most strongly to a hypothesis that heat stress might be a cause of this disease,” says Daniel Brooks of Boston University, who is leading the research.

His team has found it’s not just sugarcane workers who are falling ill. Miners and port workers also suffer high rates of kidney disease, yet they’re not exposed to farm chemicals. What these men have in common, he says, is they all work long hours in extreme heat.

“Day after day of hard manual labor in hot conditions — without sufficient replacement of fluids — could lead to effects on the kidney that are not obvious at first but over time accumulate to the point that it enters into a diseased state,” says Brooks.

“This has never been so far shown to cause chronic kidney disease, so we would be talking about a new mechanism that has not so far been described in the scientific literature.”

But Brooks says a new preliminary study bolsters this hypothesis. His team tested blood and urine from sugarcane workers who perform different jobs. The scientists found more evidence of kidney damage in the workers who have more strenuous jobs outside.

Professor Aurora Aragon of Nicaragua’s National University in Leon says this explanation makes sense. She’s long suspected that part of the problem is the way sugarcane workers are paid — receiving more money the more sugarcane they cut.

“This way of working forces people to do more than they are able to do, and this is not good for their health,” she says.
No alternative

“Working in the field made us feel dizzy and nauseous,” says Jose Donald Cortez, who cut sugarcane for 18 years. “We often had fevers.”

Cortez now has kidney disease and heads an organization of sugarcane workers in Nicaragua who are ill. He’s convinced that something on the sugar plantations is causing the sickness.

Whatever it is, he says, those who are ill need treatment with dialysis — which can keep them alive when their kidneys fail. But few can get it because dialysis is extremely expensive and rarely available.

“If you ask the ministry of health they say they don’t have the money. If you ask the sugar company if they are responsible, they say no.”

For their part, the sugarcane companies say they’re not convinced that farm chemicals or working conditions on their plantations are to blame for the epidemic. Still, they say, they are trying to protect their workers’ health.

One conglomerate that owns several sugar plantations in Central America — the Pellas Group — says it’s started giving workers an hour-long lunch break and now employs staff to make sure the men drink water. The company also routinely tests its workers’ kidney function.

Company spokesman Ariel Granera says if a worker is found to have kidney disease, he is let go — out of concern, says Granera, for the worker’s well-being.

But the sick workers who have been dismissed say what they receive from the companies and from social security isn’t enough to live on — and when they lose their jobs, they lose the right to be treated at company clinics.

In La Isla, and many other villages like it, the men often seek new employment with contractors who do not check for kidney disease yet send the men to work in the same sugarcane fields.

“There is no alternative,” says one woman who recently lost her father. “No other way to support a family.”

PRI’s The World looked into this story with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), a project of The Center for Public Integrity.

Learn how the United States promoted sugarcane production in Central America and resisted global attention to the CKD epidemic in this ICIJ story by reporters Sasha Chavkin and Ronnie Greene.