Tapir Scientist

CURWOOD: It's Living on Earth, I'm Steve Curwood. We can count on writer Sy Montgomery to bring us funny and fascinating stories of her animal encounters in just about every corner of the globe. Over the years shes swum with pink dolphins in the Amazon, stalked snow leopards in Mongolia and hugged a giant Pacific octopus – when she wasnt at home with her 750 pound pet pig, Christopher Hogwood. And recently I caught up with her to hear about her expedition with photographer Nic Bishop to the vast wetlands of Brazil called the Pantanal. Sy was there to chronicle the work of Patti Medici, a scientist who is trying to save South Americas largest mammal, the tapir. MONTGOMERY: Theres several different species of tapirs but the one that I was writing about is the most common tapir. They look like something prehistoric, and they are, because they have not changed in five million years when we had mastodons running around North America. These guys, they look a little bit like an elephant because they have a trunk – a flexible trunk – although its shorter. They look a little bit like a rhino. They are related to horses, and they whinny like horses. But unlike horses, they dont have hooves. They have toes, and they have different numbers of toes on their front and back feet. They are beautiful; they are stunning, and theyre a keystone species for some of the most endangered habitats in the world, including Brazils Pantanal – its the largest wetland – and in Southeast Asia as well. CURWOOD: So this is in South America, the Pantanal, this is a vast grassland. Leticia and her first calf, Cali. All species of tapirseven the black and white Malayan tapirhave spots and stripes as babies. (photo: Sy Montgomery) MONTGOMERY: Right. They call it the Everglades on steroids. [LAUGHS] Its an amazing, amazing place. And the numbers of birds and reptiles that you see…its just a great place to be, full of the voices of strange birds, giant rodents – the worlds largest rodent, the capybara; theres all kinds of wonderful snakes and caymans, but the birds I think are one of the most astonishing things. CURWOOD: So tapirs, theyre really important to the ecosystem…why? MONTGOMERY: Well, one reason is that they love to eat fruit, and they eat some of the fruits that nobody else does. Then they conveniently plant the seeds of those fruits because they eat the seeds along with the pulp. So they eat in one place and they poop in another, and often theyll go uphill, which a seed would never otherwise do. So they act as gardeners in the forest, and for this reason, they are thought to be super, super important in the ecosystems where they live. But the problem was, until Patti Medici got started studying these, no one knew anything about these mammals, even though theyre the largest mammal in South America, and so crucial to the ecosystems. CURWOOD: So tell me about this team of scientists led by Patti Medici that you followed around? MONTGOMERY: Patti Medici was the head of the team. Shes Brazilian, and she started out studying primates, but she felt they were well-studied, and she wanted to go into something new. And she thought, tapirs are just so important, no one knows anything about them. She was going to try to do what no one else succeed in doing before, and study them in each of the habitats where they occur. She goes out about once a month during the dry season in the Pantanal to study them. And for the expedition that Nic Bishop, the photographer I work with, and I joined, there were several other people. It was a multinational, multilingual group. With radio telemetry and binoculars, Jo?e and Pati search for one of the collared tapirs. (photo: Sy Montgomery) CURWOOD: Sy, now, when you go out on these expeditions, they always turn into a bit of a mystery. Theres a hunt, and you try to find these creatures. These tapirs, theyre big, you say, theyre 400 pounds, but theyre shy, hard to find. MONTGOMERY: Yes, theyre very shy and hard to find, and they can be extremely quiet, believe it or not, sneaking around on their toes in the forest, or in the grassland. And what we needed to do to study them was to get radio collars on them, and you cant just walk up to a tapir and ask it to do that. What you usually have to do is to dart them, and theres two ways to do this. You can entice them into a box trap, which Patti was trying to do – we set up box traps all over her study area. But she also wanted to dart some of them without sending them into a box trap because you dont want to just get and study the tapirs who are not afraid of box traps. CURWOOD: Take me through a typical day for a tapir researcher. MONTGOMERY: Oh boy, none of our days were very typical. A lot of our days were frustrating because when youre working in the field its not like in the laboratory. In the laboratory its all about control, but in the field, its all about surprise. We realized that tapirs were going to be hard to find, but we didnt realize how hard they were going to be to dart, and even when they were in the traps, we were having trouble with the darting working out. We didnt know why, but several tapirs just wouldnt go down when we darted them. And we would give them a little more of medicine, and then they wouldnt go to sleep. Well, you wouldnt want to give them so much that theyre actually ill. So we had to let some of those guys go. Other days, we had so many tapirs in the traps that we were afraid we wouldnt get to them all. It got to be over 90 degrees by 9 oclock in the morning when were working, and you dont want to keep a tapir in a trap too long – thats dangerous. Other things that happened that were kind of scary and dramatic was we really wanted to be able to get one that wasnt in the trap because youre getting somebody that does a different behavior, and Gabriel, our main darter, was working very, very hard at this, but the tapirs always seemed to get away from us. The team collars a new, healthy tapir. (photo: Sy Montgomery) Well, the one he got, when it was starting to go sleep, it started going toward water. Theyre fantastic swimmers, but you dont want to send someone to water when theyve been darted with tranquilizer. And so the whole team ended up getting out and trying to herd this darted tapir away from the water – a 400 pound animal whos generally very gentle, but they can kill you quite easily if they want to. And if theyre not in their right mind, who knew what would happen. I was so impressed with the bravery of the whole team, because what was most important to them was that they werent going to hurt a tapir, and they wanted to prevent him from lying down in the water and drowning, which was successful. CURWOOD: So looking in your book, you ran into a lot of tapirs out there. What kinds of things did you do with them? MONTGOMERY: Well, in some cases, we were meeting up with some of Pattis old friends. Some of them were already collared. She had collared quite a few, but the collars fall off. And also its just good to check in with your tapir from time to time. Others, we knew from seeing their images on camera traps, cameras that are latched to a tree or post, and they snap pictures of all these tapirs as they come and go to areas. And you get to know, oh my gosh, this one has had a baby, and oh goodness, this male is hanging out with this female…I wonder if theyre mating, and this male is following that male…I wonder if theyre chasing him away, and we were following some of them with radio telemetry too. So we got to know, over a dozen tapirs, and their history from these little glimpses that we got of them. Patricia Medici, the chief field scientist followed in the book, started research on tapirs after first studying primates. (photo: Sy Montgomery) CURWOOD: So in the end, how did these researchers fare? How successful do you think they were in getting the data they wanted? MONTGOMERY: Patti said that even though we had a really rocky start and some scary moments, scary that we werent going to get a tapir, scary that a tapir was going to get hurt, scary that we almost stepped on a really venomous snake, still this was the most successful campaign ever in terms of getting tons of data. We collected tapir poop, which is extremely important, tapir ticks, also very important, tons, thousands of camera trap photos, we put collars on tapirs whod never been collared before, we microchipped one of them, and we met up with some of her old friends. So it was an incredible whirlwind two weeks. CURWOOD: OK. Dangerous snakes you mentioned. MONTGOMERY: Oh yeah. [LAUGHS] Oh gosh. CURWOOD: How dangerous was this snake? MONTGOMERY: This was a snake whose bite is described as dying by inches. It was a Fer-de- lance, they are one of the worlds most venomous snakes, and we were out in the middle of nowhere, the Pantanal. And one of our first nights there, we were out walking in the moonlight looking for tapirs, hadnt found any. We were jet-lagged, we were tired, and since we just got there, we didnt want to use up our flashlight batteries so we were walking by moonlight, not using our flashlights. We were walking through an area where there had been lots of cows. There were these round cow pats, and we were so tired we were kicking the cow pats, but one of the cow pats wasnt a cow pat. It was a coiled Fer-de-lance. CURWOOD: Oooh my! How close? MONTGOMERY: We were extremely close. We could have kicked it. The only reason we didnt, and then, of course, would have had every right to bite us, was the photographer for this book, Nic Bishop, had just done a book on snakes, and his head was in snake mode, and we so nearly stepped on this snake. But it was thrilling to see it. CURWOOD: Youve written more than a dozen books. Theyre pretty much always about animals. Why? MONTGOMERY: Well, most of animate creation isnt humans. I like humans, I married one, and some of my best friends are humans, but some of my best friends are not humans. And theres lots of people writing about humans. I think theres been a dangerous disconnect between us and the rest of animate creation. So thats why I write about those who Farley Mowat calls the others. And also, its because you can learn so much from someone whos different from you. Animals, they share a lot of the same emotions that we have I believe neurotransmitters are highly conserved across taxa which means they have the same brain chemistry that we do. A clam thats being opened will show the same neurotransmitters in its bloodstream – we dont call their bloodstream blood – that a person having a heart attack does. Theyre panicking. So they have a lot of the same emotions, but they have all kinds of other abilities, you know, octopus can taste with all of their skin, crickets can hear with their knees, a dog can smell someone that passed by a week, two weeks, a month ago. They have all these great abilities. Birds can see infrared light. So animals have always been my teachers, my mentors. And theres that great Buddhist saying, when the student is ready, the teacher will appear. The teachers that have appeared to me have had four legs or six or eight or none, or fur or scales. CURWOOD: Sy, you usually have a picture of yourself in your books, but theres a Sy Montgomery, but it doesnt look a whole lot like you in this book. MONTGOMERY: No, and Im hoping this is what comes up when people do Google images for Sy Montgomery. Theres a much more glamorous Sy Montgomery out there. Its a beautiful, fat, sleek, gorgeous female tapir that was named after me after I had left. CURWOOD: Sy Montgomerys latest book is called The Tapir Scientist: Saving South Americas Largest Mammal. CURWOOD: Thanks so much, Sy. MONTGOMERY: Oh, what a pleasure to see you again. CURWOOD: There are pictures and more at our website, LOE.org