Traditional mining

In this photo taken Aug. 17, 2012, one of the few remaining miners digs out soil which will later be filtered for traces of cassiterite, the major ore of tin, at Nyabibwe mine, in eastern Congo. 

Rebels with a business cause: Part II

Critical State

Critical State, our foreign policy newsletter, takes a deep dive into how rebels gain access to raw resources to sell on the open market, and how those business considerations create their own security logics.

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