Target Grades: 7-12
Time Required: 30-60 minutes
Subject Areas: Mathematics, Engineering and Technology
Activity Type: Data Analysis and Visualization
Standards: NGSS HS-LS2-2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.7, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.9-10.3
Mapping is a powerful tool for understanding the spread of diseases that are transmitted by invertebrates such as mosquitoes and ticks, called vectors. Epidemiologists, the scientists who study disease transmission and distribution, will often use colors or shapes to represent the number of disease cases on maps. By using maps to visualize how the number and distribution of infections change over time, epidemiologists can look for patterns in new infections that might provide clues about the role of vectors, weather, or human behavior in the spread of disease. For an example, take a look at the following heat map of Lyme disease from 2003 to 2011, and then click the “play” button:
As you look at this map you might notice that, from 2003-2011, most cases of Lyme disease in the U.S. occurred in the Northeast and upper-Midwest. Largely through studying maps like this, researchers were able to identify the common deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, as a possible vector in Lyme disease transmission.
If you’re interested in making your own epidemiological map, there is plenty of data to work with. When physicians identify human cases of vectored disease, they report them to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The CDC organizes that data by location and date and makes the information publically available.
For this activity, we’ve given you some tools to create your own map of a vectored disease:
– Ready-to-map CDC data and information on vectored diseases
– Links to two free online mapping tools with instructions
– A DIY map for mapping data by hand, plus instructions
– Some analysis questions to guide your observations
– SciFri interviews with experts on epidemiology and vectored disease
Lyme Disease
CDC Lyme disease information
Vector: ticks in the genus Ixodes
Data: Reported cases of Lyme disease by state or locality, 2003-2012
Excel version:
CSV version:
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Vector: mosquitoes (see the full list of U.S. WNV mosquito vectors here)
Data: West Nile virus disease cases reported to CDC by state, 1999-2013
Excel version:
CSV version:
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV)
CDC EEEV information
Vector: mosquitoes in the genera Aedes, Coquillettidia, and Culex
Data: Confirmed and Probable Eastern Equine Encephalitis Cases, Human, U.S. 1964-2010
Excel version:
CSV version:
La Crosse Encephalitis Virus (LACV)
CDC LACV information
Vector: the Ochlerotatus triseriatus mosquito
Excel version:
CSV version:
Pick another disease of interest
Open Heat Map –www.openheatmap.com
*eSpatial – www.espatial.com
*This map requires that you sign up for a free trial account.
Based on data of confirmed La Crosse encephalitis cases from 2000:
Minnesota | 8 | Colorado | 1 |
North Carolina | 6 | Connecticut | 1 |
Ohio | 18 | Georgia | 2 |
Tennessee | 19 | Illinois | 3 |
West Virginia | 40 | Indiana | 2 |
Wisconsin | 6 | Iowa | 4 |
all other states | 0 | Kentucky | 2 |
Standards
NGSS HS-LS2-2: Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.
NGSS Science and Engineering Practices: Practice 4: Analyzing and interpreting data
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RST.9-10.7: Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
CCSS.ELA-Literacy.9-10.3: Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text.
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