Ozone Pollution on the Rise

CURWOOD: It's Living on Earth, I'm Steve Curwood. Every year the American Lung Association puts out a State of the Air report. And since the Clean Air Act became law, the nation's air has gotten cleaner, and increasingly regulations on vehicles and power plants have helped cement the gains, but there's still plenty of room for improvement. Janice Nolen is the Assistant Vice President of National Policy and Advocacy for the Lung Association, and one of the authors of the report. She says there's definitely some good news, but with the planet getting hotter we wont all be able to breathe easy. NOLEN: We're actually doing better in particle pollution, year-round particle pollution levels, but we have much ozone spread around the nation. A hot summer in 2012 meant that our ozone levels went up for much of the nation, and as a result, we have more people who are breathing unhealthy air than in our previous report. CURWOOD: How does climate change make ozone worse, if it does? NOLEN: It does. As we get warmer temperatures, the raw ingredients that create ozone cook better. The raw ingredients, the gases, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide come from those smoke stacks and tailpipes and they cook in sunlight, and heat makes that cook better. So when were trying to deal with ozone by having to have that heat, it makes for a much more receptive area for the ozone to form. And with carbon pollution, carbon pollution adds to that temperature, it adds to that heat. And so, as we can reduce the carbon pollution, were going to have a better shot at being able to reduce the ozone overall. CURWOOD: What are the health impacts of ozone? Air pollution is a major health risk, particularly for children and the elderly (photo: bigstockphoto.com) NOLEN: Ozone is a highly irritating gas. It irritates the lungs as if you had a sunburn or if somebody was rubbing sandpaper over a wound. And what that ultimately does is cause things like asthma attacks, coughing and wheezing. It can send people to the hospital and the emergency room. It can even shorten lives, and now were learning that it may have things that have more unusual impacts that we hadnt appreciated, like increasing the risk of having a low birthweight in a newborn baby, so the more were learning about these pollutants, especially about ozones, the more harm were finding as a result of that. Particle pollution is even more serious. The particle pollution that weve been reducing is extremely lethal. It can cause heart attacks and stroke, it can also increase the risk of lung cancer. CURWOOD: Geographically, where is ozone pollution really bad? NOLEN: In most all of the country. We have a lot of areas in the big cities, urban areas, and in places where were seeing a lot of extraction in oil and gas where were seeing a lot of the raw ingredients for ozone being created. So were seeing some places that hadnt had ozone problems before, having them. Lots of the country where its warmer, sunnier, where the raw ingredients can cook well and create it. So, a big part of the middle part of the country. CURWOOD: What cities are the worst? NOLEN: The worst for ozone are a lot of the California cities. Los Angeles has been number one on our list of most polluted cities for a long, long time. And we also have cities like Bakersfield, Fresno, Sacramento, but after you get out of the California area: Houston, Dallas, Washington DC, Las Vegas – all of those are among our 10 most polluted cities for ozone. CURWOOD: In terms of ozone, what particular populations of people are at risk, and is that income related at all? Janice Nolen (photo: American Lung Association) NOLEN: In some ways, actually both ozone and particle pollution affect some of the same people. People who are children or teenagers because your lungs keep growing until youre 18 years of age. People who are over 65. People who have chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease, people with diabetes, people who are healthy adults who exercise or work outdoors. And also, low-income people. Those people, for many reasons, are folks who have some of the highest impacts and are most vulnerable from pollution of all sources. CURWOOD: From a policy perspective, what needs to be done then to address the ozone problem? NOLEN: We need to have a tighter ozone standard. The EPA is looking at the science right now, and they are required to review this every five years in order to make sure the goal that were setting, the official standard for ozone, is right. And what we know is that its not, that theres more pollution in the air, and that the levels that are much lower in ozone actually are harmful, and so we need to strengthen that standard, and thats going on right now, and that will help us better prepare for the future because it will help us aim at the right goal for cleaning up pollution. CURWOOD: Now, the Supreme Court recently made a big decision when it comes to air quality on something called the cross-state rule. Tell us about it, why you think its important. NOLEN: We were really pleased with the Supreme Court decision about the cross-state rule because its based in a part of the Clean Air Act they call the good neighbor rule, and that means that polluters that are in another state are not allowed to produce pollution that blows into a downwind state and causes unhealthy air. EPA has been trying to deal with that because the states havent regulated themselves adequately, and so EPA provided some rules on how to reduce that. And that was challenged all the way to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court said absolutely, this is a provision that needs to be upheld, EPA has done a good job at trying to figure that out, and we need to make sure that pollution isnt blown across the state line. For example, in Maryland, where they found that so much of pollution in Maryland is blown in from out of state that they really cant meet their goal for cleaning up the air without having some help from the federal government. And the Supreme Court allowed that to happen. CURWOOD: What kind of legal precedent does this set for the rest of President Obamas efforts to regulate carbon pollution under the Clean Air Act? NOLEN: What were hoping is that it shows that EPA can do these kinds of detailed analyses and establish rules that recognize that air flows everywhere, and carbon pollution is just like that, and that you have to control these big sources, and often those big sources are away from some of the places where the pollution is having the biggest impact. So were optimistic that this shows that looking at the Clean Air Act, which is, by the way, over 40 years old, establish these kinds of processes that once theyre allowed to work can really help make a difference. So were optimistic that the carbon pollution standard will be able to help EPA take the tools that they need to address this big source of climate change. CURWOOD: Janice Nolen is the Assistant Vice President of National Policy and Advocacy for the American Lung Association. Thanks so much for taking this time with us. NOLEN: Thank you so much. Take care.